It also contributes to the surveillance of the coast and to sea rescue. The website: http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr, Copyright 2019 FIEP | All Rights Reserved | Powered by, General directorate of Gendarmerie – Jordan, State Military Police and Military Fire Brigades in Brazil, Crack Microsoft Publisher 2010 14.0.4763.1000 or Serial Number. Many former French colonies, especially in Africa, also have gendarmeries. Lorsque le fabricant fait appel à un organisme de contrôle tiers (organisme notifié) pour évaluer la conformité de son produit, ce dernier émet une attestation de la conformité du produit aux exigences essentielles fixées dans la législation d'harmonisation technique correspondante. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gendarmerie&oldid=1008102552, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from September 2009, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 February 2021, at 15:52. The use of military organisations to police civilian populations is common to many time periods and cultures. In time of crisis or war, the strength of the Gendarmerie can be more than doubled with reserve units. Expressions. In Argentina the Gendarmería Nacional Argentina (GNA, Argentina National Gendarmerie) can act as border patrol forces, defending and patrolling the land frontiers, antiterrorism, VIP escort missions, hostage situations and special military operations in war times (when the GNA is attached to the Argentine Army) with their 601st Special Operations Squadron "Alacran", which took part in the Falkland/Malvinas conflict. In the Gendarmerie departmentale units (territorial squads, investigation units) nearly 61,000 gendarmes, including 26,000 judiciary police (law enforcement) officers lead investigations in important fields such as drug trafficking, murders, aggravated thefts, financial affairs but also and mainly in more common affairs like burglaries, car thefts, fraud…. The term gendarme ( English: / ˈ ʒ ɒ n d ɑːr m / ) is derived from the medieval French expression gens d'armes , which translates to " men-at-arms " (literally, "armed people"). In this respect, the Gendarmerie plays an essential role on the international scene. Abréviation Signification type Votez Nbre. During the Late Medieval to the Early Modern period, the term referred to a heavily armoured cavalryman of noble birth, primarily serving in the French army. At the multinational level, the Gendarmerie is also very present abroad on theatres of operations: under the UN flag (FINUL in Lebanon, MINUK in Kosovo, MINUSTAH in Haiti, MONUC in democratic Republic of Congo, ONUCI in Ivory Coast…), the EU flag (MPUE and EUFOR in Bosnia, EUBAM Rafah in Palestine, EUPOL Kinshasa in DRC, EUPT in Kosovo), NATO flag (Afghanistan), or under national command (Ops Licorne in Ivory Coast and Epervier in Chad). The total staff reaches more than 98,000 people, including : The Officers are decision-makers and have operational assignments. This “single network” is placed under the authority of the International Cooperation Direction (DCI). At the European level, the EU constitutes the major framework of the international action of the Gendarmerie within the 3rd pillar “Police and judicial Cooperation in Criminal matters” (PJCC) and 2nd Politics pillar “common foreign and security policy” (CFSP). It is the natural heir to the Royal Constabularies « Maréchaussée de France », i.e, the military forces which remained the only corps in charge of policing the country for centuries. The National Gendarmerie (French: Gendarmerie nationale [ʒɑ̃daʁməʁi nɑsjɔnal]) is one of two national police forces of France, along with the National Police. [15], Military force also tasked with law enforcement among the civilian population, This article is about the concept. The Groupement is subdivided into companies. The Gendarmerie nationale intervention group (aka GIGN). The term gendarme (English: /ˈʒɒndɑːrm/) is derived from the medieval French expression gens d'armes, which translates to "men-at-arms" (literally, "armed people"). In 2014 the Mexican Federal Police, a heavily armed force which has many attributes of a gendarmerie, created a new seventh branch of service called the National Gendarmerie Division. Many countries that were once under French rule and influence have a gendarmerie. Initially in – The air Gendarmerie The national police force of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is referred to in French as the Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC). The Argentine Gendarmerie is a military force in terms of training, identity and public perception, and was involved in combat in the Falklands War, however it is classified as a "security force" not an "armed force", to exercise jurisdiction over the civilian population under Argentine law. The Dutch Royal Marechaussee was created by King William I to replace the French Gendarmerie after French rule ended. Information concerning the careers can be obtained from the recruitment and information centres or from all the basic command units. Le 28 e GG tient ses origines du dépôt de la Guerre créé par Louvois en 1688 et du service géographique de l'armée (SGA) son successeur en 1887. Its ability to decentralised action, its presence near vital structures, its means of communication make the Gendarmerie one of the main factors in the operational defence of the territory. What does RCP stand for in Recherche? It is the natural heir to the Royal Constabularies « Maréchaussée de France », i.e, the military forces which remained the only corps in charge of policing the country for centuries. French National Gendarmerie The Gendarmerie nationale is one of France’s oldest institutions. These units are exclusively devoted to criminal investigations and judicial support to the territorial units ; Surveillance and intervention platoons (aka PSIG) : located in the most sensitive areas in terms of delinquency, they are dependent on the companies. A gendarmerie (/ ʒ ɒ n ˈ d ɑːr m ər i, ʒ ɒ̃-/) is a military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population. Besides its territorial organization, it has crowd and riot control units (the Gendarmerie Mobile, along with some corresponding units in the civilian police), counter-terrorism and hostage rescue (GIGN, again along with some corresponding units in the civilian police), maritime surveillance, police at sea and coast guard (Gendarmerie maritime), control and security at airports and air traffic police (Gendarmerie des transports aériens), official buildings guard, honorary services and protection of the President (Garde Républicaine), mountain rescue (Peloton de Gendarmerie de Haute Montagne) and security of nuclear weapons sites. The CTA/CSTAGN personnel’s specific duties can be administration, human resources management, housing, catering, mechanics, gunsmiths, printers …. On the other hand, the necessity of a more stringent selection process for military service, especially in terms of physical prowess and health, restricts the pool of potential recruits in comparison to those from which a civilian police force could select. La gendarmerie - des missions judiciaires - des missions administratives - des missions militaires La gendarmerie et la police - est responsable pour les grandes villes - les agents sont des policiers Un vidéo.. - +/- 100.000 agents - dans les petites villes et à la campagne - For twenty years, the national Gendarmerie has been putting in place highly skilled professionals in terms of criminal investigation, and developing its capacity in terms of forensics. For instance, in the French-speaking Cantons of Switzerland the "gendarmeries" are the uniformed civil police (see: Gendarmerie (Switzerland)). It also deploys liaison officers. A gendarmerie may come under the authority of a ministry of defence (e.g. It can also be in charge of escorting weapons, ammunitions, explosives or any equipment and money transport coming from or going to a DGA facility. Laurent goncalves billionaire. The strength of the Reserve increased from 7,800 members in 2000, to 20,000 in 2006, and to 40,000 reservists in 2012 우편번호 db. It is based on a continuous surveillance of the areas where the Gendarmerie is in charge of public security, particularly through contacts with the population. The geographical priorities of the Gendarmerie meet the following criteria: geographical proximity (border countries), cultural proximity (FIEP countries), the return in domestic security (Balkans…) and countries where the institution can develop its model and its domains of excellence. II I III Sommaire Sommaire INTRODUCTION Différences majeures Police et gendarmerie souvent confondues Présentent de nombreuses similitudes Mais également des différences QUELLES ETUDES POUR QUEL METIER ? Au singulier, l'insigne désigne habituellement l'élément principal, le plus souvent métallique ou textile. [1] In France and some Francophone nations, the gendarmerie is a branch of the armed forces responsible for internal security in parts of the territory (primarily in rural areas and small towns in the case of France) with additional duties as military police for the armed forces. – The group units gathers from 4 to 7 squadrons. Prior to the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922, British rule was based on the Royal Irish Constabulary—a drilled and armed force located in rural "barracks" that was a gendarmerie in all but in name. .cteur : MBK Z.I. – Administrative missions This Reserve is operational in peace time as well as in case of crisis. votes; RPC: 1remote procedure call, 2row parity check, 3reparable processing center, 4root path cost, 5 regional preparedness committee, 6 … Article 3 stipulated that regarding homeland security missions, the Ministry of Interior is responsible for the use of Gendarmerie nationale units. The setting up of the Documentation and judiciary research technical department (aka STRJD) in 1975, of the Judicial police national training centre (aka CNFPJ) in 1987, of the French Gendarmerie Forensic Research institute (aka IRCGN) in 1990 and the Judicial Pôle of the National Gendarmerie in 2015 gave concrete expression to this will. Lastly, other multilateral organizations (G8, UNO, the Council of Europe, African Union…) also requested the expertise of the Gendarmerie, in particular in the field of civil crises management. Il se présente sous la forme d'une petite bande rétroréfléchissante blanche sur laquelle sont imprimés en noir les 7 chiffres du matricule (≠ nigend). Since different countries may make different use of institutional terms such as "gendarmerie", there are cases in which the term may become confusing. Insigne militaire signification. essais gratuits, aide aux devoirs, cartes mémoire, articles de recherche, rapports de livres, articles à terme, histoire, science, politique Each regional commander is responsible for the units located in his region and is directly subordinated to the Gendarmerie nationale general directorate. – The air transport Gendarmerie Définition RPC en dans le dictionnaire de définitions Reverso, synonymes, voir aussi 'rap',rac',rep',ric', expressions, conjugaison, exemples [9] Also the GNA is responsible for key facilities (such as nuclear facilities) and government building protection and recovery in case of criminal or enemy activities, counter-narcotraffic operations, internal security reinforcement of other provincial and federal security forces, pacification, smuggling control, road controls on federal highways, and counter-sedition activities under martial law. After that, roaming editors would make some edits (50 edits were considered a l… Argentine, Romania, Ukraine) or even both ministries at once (e.g. Mexico's Federal Police, Brazil's Military Police, or the former British South Africa Police until 1980). traduction della RPC dans le dictionnaire Italien - Francais de Reverso, voir aussi 'RC',R',rapa',roco', conjugaison, expressions idiomatiques In 1950 (Decree of 6 January), the Gendarmerie was placed under the direct authority of the Ministry of Defence. Commanded by officers, the companies are divided into territorial brigades spread on the territory according to a logic of proximity. As a result of their duties within the civilian population, gendarmeries are sometimes described as "paramilitary" rather than "military" forces (especially in the English-speaking world where policing is rarely associated with military forces) although this description rarely corresponds to their official status and capabilities. Moreover, it contributes to the preparation of the mobilisation of sister units and to the management of the reserves. This Gendarmerie elite unit can be deployed over the national territory or abroad. -Un chèque de 50 euros à l'ordre de MBK-Une copie du certificat de cession ou de la facture. [5], Some of the more prominent modern gendarmerie organizations include the French National Gendarmerie, Spanish Civil Guard, Argentine National Gendarmerie, Italian Carabinieri, the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee, the Portuguese National Republican Guard and the Turkish Gendarmerie.[5]. However, this user left this wiki and other wikis alike, and has been inactive since October of 2007. A la découverte de la gendarmerie-© 2012-2021 decouvrir-la-gendarmerie.org-Tous droits réservés. Finally, the Gendarmerie accompanies the French armed forces stationed or committed abroad (military criminal police) and is takes part in peace missions (both military and civilian) all over the world, at the request of the EU, the United Nations, or the NATO. These forces are normally titled "gendarmerie", but gendarmeries may bear other titles, for instance the Carabinieri in Italy, the Guarda Nacional Republicana in Portugal, the Guardia Civil in Spain, the Royal Marechaussee in the Netherlands or Internal Troops/National Guard in Ukraine and Russia. [10] This task is characterised by its preventive aspect. For this purpose this Ministry, in conjunction with the Ministry of Defence, defines the missions of the units other than the ones related to criminal investigations (which are under the ministry of Justices responsibility). In general, we can find one company of Gendarmerie departementale by “arrondissement” (ie. A gendarmerie or gendarmery (/dʒɛnˈdɑrməri/ or /ʒɑːnˈdɑrməri/) is, in principle, a military[1] force charged with police duties among civilian populations. de Rouvroy - 02100 SAINT Those honours include Northwest Canada, South Africa, The Great War, and the Second World War. At the international level, the Gendarmerie works in the direction of a greater police co-operation in order to strengthen our domestic security. Get the top RCP abbreviation related to Recherche. In comparison to civilian police forces, gendarmeries may provide a more disciplined force whose military capabilities (e.g., armoured group in France with armoured personnel carriers) make them more capable of dealing with armed groups and with all types of violence. The new force would initially number 5,000 personnel and was created with the assistance of the French gendarmerie.[8]. It is a branch of the French Armed Forces placed under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior—with additional duties to the Ministry of Defense. The word gendarme is a singular extracted from Old French gens d'armes [ʒɑ̃ d‿ aʁm], meaning men-at-arms. However the RCMP is a mainly civilian organisation within Public Safety Canada. An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon. Le bandeau identifiant doit être porté par tous les personnels de gendarmerie et de police (excepté les unités d'élite) à compter du 02 janvier 2014. More than 40 % of its activities are devoted to this mission of protection of people and properties. In 2015, the Gendarmerie was providing 21 homeland security attaches and 10 homeland assistants security attaches (ASIA). Is responsible for policing military harbours, naval base dockyards and facilities 평붓 체. S'ils veulent bien, ils peuvent prendre contact avec moi en MP (faut Even in peacetime, the Gendarmerie takes part in the protection of particularly important places that can be of vital interest for the nation. Twenty-four hours a day, the institution protects, rescues, intervenes, investigates, arrests and fights. Territorial brigades can function in an autonomous way or be organised in communities of brigades (joint brigades). Il y a parmi nous des gendarmes en moto bleue et des policiers (nationaux) en moto blanche. Historically, the spelling in English was gendarmery, but now the French spelling gendarmerie is more common. attendance( à l' école, au bureau). The only user active was the first administrator, Darth smith. Since these are not strictly military forces, however, they are not considered gendarmerie. La suppression du régime de la police d'État dans une commune est opérée dans les mêmes formes. Following the example of the liaison officer “itinerant criminality” within the Romanian ministry of interior, or the liaison officer affected within the general command of the Italian Carabinieri, a liaison officer “organized criminality” was posted in Malaga (Spain) in summer 2007 and another in April 2008 on the theme “fights against the narcotics” in Portugal, in Lisbon, within MAOC-N. Lastly, since summer 2005, the Gendarmerie has been providing a senior officer, within the regional pole of fight against the criminality organized in the South East Europe, located in Zagreb (Croatia). They are in charge of backing up the territorial units, whatever the operational needs may be ; Juvenile crime prevention units (aka BPDJ) : at département level, they intervene in sensitive suburban areas and focus on youngsters facing difficulties ; Traffic units : at département and company levels, motorcyclist units, highway patrols, rapid response and motorway platoons ensure policing on the whole road network ; Mountain units (aka PGHM) : are responsible for the surveillance and the interventions (crime policing and rescue) in mountain areas ; Potholing units, at national level, are dedicated to underground investigations and rescues ; Maritime units are in charge of the seashore and waterways; Several special formations : orchestras, French army chorus, military music band, cavalry regimental band, motorcycle squadron. En l'état de la rédaction des textes, le gouvernement garde toujours la possibilité de ne pas modifier une zone de compétence. The Reserve is a back-up force, flexible, and can be called-up quickly. gendarmerie au ministère de l'Intérieur a conduit à supprimer le contreseing du ministre chargé de la Défense (D. n° 2100-770, 8 juill. Pour la gendarmerie, il sera porté au-dessus de l'écusson régional. In Russia, the modern National Guard (successor of the Internal Troops) are military units with quasi-police duties but historically, different bodies within the Tsarist Special Corps of Gendarmes performed a variety of functions as an armed rural constabulary, urban riot control units, frontier guards, intelligence agents and political police. 268 Followers, 118 Following, 56 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Jardins Loisirs (@jardinsloisirs) [2] In the mid-twentieth century, a number of former French mandates or colonial possessions such as Lebanon, Syria, the Ivory Coast, and the Republic of the Congo adopted a gendarmerie after independence. Forces de police et forces armées, sécurité et défense: où sont les frontières? Chef de corps 28 gg 28e groupe géographique — Wikipédi . In 1791, the “Maréchaussée” was renamed Gendarmerie nationale. [7] Services such as the Italian Guardia di Finanza would rarely be defined as gendarmeries since the service is of an ambiguous military status and does not have general policing duties amongst the civilian population. Accounts Receivable Division translation in English-French dictionary. Maintaining a reassuring presence all over the territory is therefore the objective of all territorial units that are often backed by mobile units, especially in summer Download Maggirls. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. In addition to its collaboration with the SCTIP, the actions of the Gendarmerie abroad are identified through a continuous dialogue with the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the ministry of Defence. Each year, nearly 700 foreign trainees are trained in the schools and training centres of the Gendarmerie and more than 110 short term missions of experts or trainers of the Gendarmerie are carried ut abroad. Initially in charge of judicial and police missions to control scaterred soldiers and looters, the scope of their competence was progressively extended during the Renaissance to general policing. Some historical military units, such as South-West Africa's Koevoet, were only defined as police for political reasons. civil servants, state employees and contract workers. – The squadron, mobile Gendarmerie basic unit, comprises around 105 officers and NCOs. – Military missions attendance book. (programs TACIS and PHARE and now IPA and ENPI). Chile, France, Italy, Portugal and Spain). It is structured in 4 platoons. [12][13] Gendarmeries are widely used for internal security and in peacekeeping operations, for instance in the former Yugoslavia[12] and in Ivory Coast,[14] sometimes via the European Gendarmerie Force. Western and regional rebel patrons, currently more focused on advancing their own interests rather than accomplishing regime change in Damascus, are shifting their alliances and … district level : division of the French administrative organisation, smaller than a departement). In 2002 (Decree of 15 May), the Institution was also placed under the authority of the Ministry of Interior 영화 궁합. 6,700 officers and 70,190 NCOs who perform operational missions ; 4,604 officers and NCOs from the technical and administrative services (aka CTA/CSTAGN); 13,900 volunteers, i.e. presence définition, signification, ce qu'est presence: 1. the fact that someone or something is in a place: 2. a feeling that someone is still in a place. Recherche RCP abbreviation meaning defined here. Explore La Drôme Tourisme's 3,914 photos on Flickr! It exercises the government control over the nuclear armament and provides the escorts of the nuclear weapons convoys. En cas d'urgence, faites le 17 Suivez notre actualité opérationnelle et nos informations #sécurité #prévention #service. When this wiki was first created, Brickipedia was obviously small. Its missions are to protect government, national institutions and highest State authorities and to ensure honour services. A gendarmerie (/ʒɒnˈdɑːrməri, ʒɒ̃-/) is a military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population. The Act dated « Germinal 28, Year VI of the French Revolution » (April 17, 1798) established the principles of action, missions and assignments in terms of general and judicial police.Today, the Gendarmerie nationale ensures public safety on 95 % of the national territory for 50 % of the population. [6] Generally there is some coordination between ministries of defence and the interior over the use of gendarmes. - Site non officiel En poursuivant votre navigation sur decouvrir-la-gendarmerie… In some cases, a police service's military links are ambiguous and it can be unclear whether a force should be defined as a gendarmerie (e.g. For bodies called "Gendarmerie", see, "Gendarme" redirects here. Responsible for maintaining public order, it is also shaped to respond to a wide range of missions, from policing events to restoring order. the action of the territorial units is completed by the action of units with particular vocation : The mobile Gendarmerie is a 11,300 man strong general reserve at the disposal of the Government on the whole  Metropolitan territory and French overseas territories. Veröffentlichen Sie Ihren Stammbaum und teilen Ihre Genealogie! It was particularly involved in the January 2015 terrorists attacks in Paris. Le personnel officier et non-officier de la gendarmerie maritime, porte sur l’épaule gauche des aiguillettes blanches. In an international context where, far from our borders, the threats influence directly domestic security, the international co-operation must be increasingly efficient. Etudes Police : écoles de police (17-35 ans) Concours très sélectif Salaire – Recruitment: (to become a gendarme, see the following link : www.lagendarmerierecrute.fr ) – The weaponry Gendarmerie [1] It was introduced to several other Western European countries during the Napoleonic conquests. – The maritime Gendarmerie The growth and expansion of gendarmerie units worldwide has been linked to an increasing reluctance by some governments to use military units typically entrusted with external defence for combating internal threats. [1] A somewhat related phenomenon has been the formation of paramilitary units which fall under the authority of civilian police agencies. It also carries on technical assistance through the implementation of institutional twinning with the new Member States of the European Union (Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania) or with countries, like Ukraine. The mobile Gendarmerie is divided into group units and squadrons 사운드부스터. 2010). [1] For other uses, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, heavily armoured cavalryman of noble birth, "Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Republica Argentina (Tomo XV)". It is not part of the Canadian Department of National Defence, but does have a paramilitary wing and they have been awarded the status of a regiment of dragoons, with a military battle standard displaying their battle honours following service in World War I. As far as police co-operation is concerned, the Gendarmerie also registers its action on a worldwide scale through its participation in OIPC-Interpol. Exemple déclaration de conformité produit Le marquage « CE » entreprises . Many translated example sentences containing "general difference between" – French-English dictionary and search engine for French translations. In Chile, the word "gendarmerie" refers for historic reasons to the prison service (the "Chilean Gendarmerie"), while the actual gendarmerie force is called the "carabineros". Les protocoles sont à distinguer d'une procédure.Celle-ci quant à elle, décrit la manière d'accomplir une action. In this spirit, the Gendarmerie took an active part and contributed to the preparation of this great international appointment which constituted the French presidency of the European Union in the second half of 2008 ohys 다운로드. It sets up a guideline regarding these missions and their implied organization. DESCRIPTION DES VEHICULES MBK TYPE 51 0.1. Reservists carry out the same missions as the active personnel, except tasks requesting specific technical skills related to criminal investigations. Operates for the French State organization in charge of weapon programs (a.k.a Délégation générale de l’armement or DGA) securing the facilities of the DGA. Criminal investigation units (aka SR and BR): at district, département or region levels. The Gendarmerie mobile units are now subordinated to the regional commander who deals with the Gendarmerie forces in the whole defence zone. These centres were set up to perfect the training of the whole staff from the institution, whether they are specialists or not. Algeria, Poland), a ministry of the interior (e.g. Gendarmes are very rarely deployed in military situations, except in humanitarian deployments abroad. By the means of the European Commission financing the program “to prevent and fight against criminality” (ISEC), the Gendarmerie contributes as organizer or partner to European actions or seminars relating to topics linked to its fields of application (cyber-criminality, maritime pollution , training of integrated police units…). The creation of the Gendarmerie nationale « units » – forming the basis of the current organisation – dates back to 1720. Gendarmes play an important role re-establishing law and order in conflict areas, a task which is suited to their purpose, training and capabilities. Différence entre procédure et protocole. 100 - October 26, 2009 (40-2) - House of Commons of Canada A few forces which are no longer considered military retain the title "gendarmerie" for reasons of tradition. On August 3, 2009 , a new Bill attached the budget and the staff management of the Gendarmerie to the Ministry of Interior. Certains personnels de la gendarmerie nationale portent, fixée à l’épaule gauche et en tenue de cérémonie, une aiguillette de soie blanche à ferrets d’argent, dont l’existence remonte à 1720. For instance, the French language title of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC) (i.e., Royal Gendarmerie of Canada) because this force traditionally had some military-style functions (although separate from the Canadian Army) and has retained its status as a regiment of dragoons. Favouring the contact with the population, the territorial Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie départementale) contributes to the general public security. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) uses gendarmery as the principal spelling; Merriam-Webster uses gendarmerie as the principal spelling. official website of the French Defence Ministry, "The European Gendarmerie Force: A solution in search of problems? The NCOs are security and crime investigation professionals who work close to the population. votes Moy. Since 2002, it has been taking part, with the national police force, in the “single network” of homeland security attaches (ASI) within the French diplomatic representations abroad 디지몬 소울 체이서. In countries where the gendarmerie and civilian police co-exist there may be rivalries and tensions between the forces. Registre de présence : time-book. They also provide a state with flexibility in policing, as the military regulations of a gendarmerie may exempt it from certain gaps in service affecting the civilian police, for example regarding the right to strike.
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